# Sigma Types We are still trying to express and 'prove' the statement > There exists a natural that is even. We will achieve this by the end of this quest. ## Existence / Dependent Pair / Total Space of Bundles Recall from [Quest 1]( https://github.com/thehottgame/TheHoTTGame/blob/main/0Trinitarianism/Quest1.md ) that we defined `isEven`. What's left is to be able write down "existence". In maths we might write ``` ∃ x ∈ ℕ, isEven x ``` which in agda notation is ``` Σ ℕ isEven ``` This is called a _sigma type_, which has three interpretations: - the proposition 'there exists an even natural' - the construction 'keep a recipe `n` of naturals together with a recipe of `isEven n`' - the total space of the bundle `isEven` over `ℕ`, which is the space obtained by putting together all the fibers. Pictorially, it looks like SigmaTypeOfIsEven which can also be viewed as the subset of even naturals, since the fibers are either empty or singleton. (It is a _subsingleton bundle_). ## Making terms in Sigma Types Making a term of this type has three interpretations: - a natural `n : ℕ` together with a proof `hn : isEven n` that `n` is even. - a recipe `n : ℕ` together with a recipe `hn : isEven n`. - a point in the total space is a point `n : ℕ` downstairs together with a point `hn : isEven n` in its fiber. Now you can prove that there exists an even natural: - Formulate the statement you need. Make sure you have it of the form ```agda Name : Statement Name = ? ``` - Load the file, go to the hole and refine the goal. - If you formulated the statement right it should split into `{!!} , {!!}` and you can check the types of terms the holes require. - Fill the holes. There are many proofs you can do! In general when `A : Type` is a type and `B : A → Type` is a predicate/dependent construction/bundle over `A`, we can write the sigma type `Σ A B` whose terms are pairs `a , b` where `a : A` and `b : B a`. In the special case when `B` is not dependent on `a : A`, i.e. it looks like `λ a → C` for some `C : Type` then `Σ A B` is just - the proposition '`A` and `C`' since giving a proof of this is the same as giving a proof of `A` and a proof of `C` - a recipe `a : A` together with a recipe `c : C` - `B` is now a _trivial bundle_ since the fibers `B a` are constant with respect to `a : A`. In other words it is just a _product_ `Σ A B ≅ A × C`. For this reason, some refer to the sigma type as the _dependent product_, but we will avoid this terminology. ```agda _×_ : Type → Type → Type A × C = Σ A (λ a → C) ``` Agda supports the notation `_×_` (without spaces) which means from now on you can write `A × C` (with spaces). ## Using Terms in Sigma Types There are two ways of using a term in a sigma type. We can extract the first part using `fst` or the second part using `snd`. Given `x : Σ A B` there are three interpretations of `fst` and `snd`: - Viewing `x` as a proof of existence `fst x` provides the witness of existence and `snd` provides the proof that the witness `fst x` has the desired property - Viewing `x` as a recipe `fst` extracts the first component and `snd` extracts the second component - Viewing `x` as a point in the total space of a bundle `fst x` is the point that `x` is over in the base space and `snd x` is the point in the fiber that `x` represents. In particular you can interpret `fst` as projection from the total space to the base space, collapsing fibers. For example to define a map that takes an even natural and divides it by two we can do ```agda div2 : Σ ℕ isEven → ℕ div2 x = ? ``` - Load the file, go to the hole and case on `x`. You might want to rename `fst₁` and `snd₁`. ```agda div2 : Σ ℕ isEven → ℕ div2 (fst₁ , snd₁) = {!!} ``` - Case on `fst₁` and tell agda what to give for `0 , _`, i.e. what 'zero divided by two' ought to be. ```agda div2 : Σ ℕ isEven → ℕ div2 (zero , snd₁) = {!!} div2 (suc fst₁ , snd₁) = {!!} ``` - Navigate to the second hole and case on `fst₁` again. Notice that agda knows there is no term looking like `1 , _` so it has skipped that case for us. ```agda div2 : Σ ℕ isEven → ℕ div2 (zero , snd₁) = 0 div2 (suc (suc fst₁) , snd₁) = {!!} ``` - `(n + 2) / 2` should just be `n/2 + 1` so try writing in `suc` and refining the goal - How do you write down `n/2`? Hint: we are in the 'inductive step'. Try dividing some terms by `2`: - Use `C-c C-n` and write `div2 (2 , tt)` for example. - Try dividing `36` by `2`. *Important Observation* : the two proofs `2 , tt` and `36 , tt` of the statement 'there exists an even natural' are not 'the same' in any sense, since if they were `div2 (2 , tt)` would be 'the same' `div2 (36/2 , tt)`, and hence `1` would be 'the same' as `18`. > Are they 'the same'? What is 'the same'? ## Side Quest : a Tautology / Currying / Cartesian Closed In this side quest, you will construct the following functions. ```agda uncurry : (A → B → C) → (A × B → C) uncurry f x = ? curry : (A × B → C) → (A → B → C) curry f a b = ? ``` These have three interpretations : - `uncurry` is a proof that "if `A` implies '`B` implies `C`', then '`A` and `B`' implies `C`". A proof of the converse is `curry`. - [currying]( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currying#:~:text=In%20mathematics%20and%20computer%20science,each%20takes%20a%20single%20argument.) - this is a commonly occuring example of an _adjunction_. See [here](https://kl-i.github.io/posts/2021-07-12/#product-and-maps) for a more detailed explanation. Note that we have _postulated_ the types `A, B, C` for you. ```agda private postulate A B C : Type ``` In general, you can use this to introduce new constants to your agda file. The `private` ensures `A, B, C` can only be used within this agda file. > Tip : Agda is space-and-indentation sensitive, > i.e. the `private` applies to anything beneath it > that is indented two spaces.